Polyurethane (Lus Askiv: Polyurethane, IUPAC luv luv li PUR, feem ntau sau ua PU), yog hais txog ib hom ntawm cov polymer uas muaj cov carbamate yam ntxwv hauv cov saw loj. Cov khoom siv polymer no yog siv dav hauv cov nplaum, lo xim, tsheb log tsheb nrawm qis, gaskets, tsheb mats thiab lwm thaj chaw muaj kev lag luam. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, polyurethane yog siv los ua ntau yam foams thiab yas yas. Polyurethane tseem tseem siv los ua cov hnab looj qau (rau cov neeg uas ua xua rau cov hnab looj latex) thiab cov cuab yeej siv kho mob thiab khoom siv. Vim tias polyurethane muaj cov thermal conductivity tsawg heev, cov ntaub thaiv phab ntsa tshiab raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv tau maj mam tsim thiab loj hlob nyob hauv cov tebchaws sab hnub poob xws li Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas.
Kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev txhim kho ntawm polyurethane tau pib ua ntej xyoo 1937 los ntawm Otto Bayer thiab nws cov npoj yaig hauv chav kuaj tshuaj Fabien hauv Leverkusen, Tebchaws Yelemees. Lawv siv lub ntsiab cai ntawm kev ntxiv polymerization los ntawm kev sim, siv kua isocyanate thiab kua polyether lossis glycol polyester los tsim hom tshiab ntawm cov yas-polyurethane, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm cov polyolefins thiab polycondensation-generated plastics uas tau nrhiav tau lub sijhawm ntawd. Qhov kev sib xyaw monomer tshiab tseem txawv ntawm daim ntawv patents Wallace Carothers tau tau rau polyester. Thaum xub thawj, daim ntawv thov raug txwv rau cov fibers thiab saj zawg zog ua npuas ncauj, lub npe hu ua Askiv: Igamid U, cov khoom siv fiber ntau ntawm cov cob no tau hu ua lus Askiv: Perlon U, tab sis xyoo 1944 nws tsuas mus txog 25t / hli. Tom qab ntawd, nws txoj kev loj hlob tau cuam tshuam los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Thib Ob (lub sijhawm PU tsuas yog siv hauv av chaw zaum hauv thaj chaw me me), nws tsis yog txog 1952 uas isocyanates pib ua lag luam. Xyoo 1954, Monsanto ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Bayer ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tsim kev sib koom tes Mobay Chemical, thiab tau pib siv toluene diisocyanate (TDI) thiab polyester polyol los ua cov polyurethane ua npuas ncauj yooj yim ua lag luam rau lub hom phiaj hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Kev tsim muaj cov npuas dej no (hu ua imitation Swiss cheese los ntawm cov kws tsim tawm) yog vim muaj dej ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw no tseem siv los ua cov npuas ua kom nruj, viscose thiab elastomers. Cov kab hluav taws xob tau tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) thiab 1,4-butanediol (BDO) [1].
Thawj qhov lag luam tsim polyether polyol, poly (tetramethylene ether) glycol, tau tsim los ntawm cov polymerization ntawm tetrahydrofuran los ntawm DuPont xyoo 1956. BASF thiab Dow Chemical qhia ua kom pheej yig polyalkane diols hauv 1957. Cov polyether polyols qhia tau hais tias kev lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo, xws li: qis tus nqi, yooj yim tuav, zoo hydrolytic stability; thiab tuaj yeem hloov cov polyester polyols sai thaum npaj polyurethane. Lwm tus tshaj tawm PU suav nrog Union Carbide thiab Mobay Chemical. Xyoo 1960, cov zis ntawm hloov ua npuas ncauj polyurethane ncav cuag 45,000 tons. Tom qab ntau tshaj li kaum xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm chlorofluoroalkane bubbling tus neeg sawv cev, pheej yig polyether polyols, thiab diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) tau txhawb kev siv ntawm cov tshuaj ua kom zoo polyurethane ua npuas dej hauv cov khoom ua haujlwm siab rwb thaiv tsev. Kev siv ntawm. Cov khoom ua npuas ncauj polyurethane ua npuas ncauj raws li polymeric MDI (PMDI) muaj qhov ua kom zoo dua thermal stability thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo dua li cov khoom siv TDI.
Xyoo 1967, urethane-hloov polyisocyanate ua npuas ncauj ntau lawm tau tsim, thiab cov khoom tsim cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tsawg ua rau pom tau zoo dua thermal stability thiab nplaim taws rov qab. Nws tseem nyob hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 1960 uas muaj kev nyab xeeb sab hauv cov tsheb, xws li cov khoom siv dashboard thiab lub rooj vaj huam sib luag, tau pib ua cov thermoplastic backfill nrog cov ua npuas ua npuas kom nruj.
Xyoo 1969, Bayer nthuav tawm txhua lub tsheb yas tsheb hauv Dusseldorf, lub teb chaws Yelemees. Qee ntu ntawm lub tsheb yog tsim los siv cov txheej txheem tshiab hu ua RIM (Kev Txhaj Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kev Txhaj Tshuaj). RIM thev naus laus zis siv tshuab muaj zog siab txhaj cov tshuaj ua kua thiab tom qab ntawd hno cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai rau hauv cov pwm kab noj hniav. Cov seem loj xws li lub tsheb log tsheb thiab lub panels tseem tuaj yeem raug txhaj tshuaj moulded nyob hauv tib txoj kev. Lub RIM ntawm polyurethane suav nrog ntau yam khoom sib txawv thiab cov txheej txheem: kev siv diamine saw txuas ntxiv thiab cov txheej txheem txiav cov txheej txheem ntawm urethane, isocyanate thiab polyurea, ntxiv cov tshuaj ntxiv, xws li av iav, mica, cov txheej txheem ua tiav, thiab lwm yam, los ua ib qho hu ua RRIM, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho flexural modulus thiab thermal stability. Xyoo 1983, Tebchaws Asmeskas siv cov thev naus laus zis no los tsim lub cev yas cev tsheb. Ntxiv iav fiber ntau hauv cov pwm kab noj hniav ua ntej tuaj yeem txhim kho flexural modulus, thiaj li hu ua SRIM lossis qauv RIM.
Txij li thaum ntxov 1980s, dej-tshuab tshuab microporous saj zawg zog polyurethane foams tau siv los ua qauv gaskets rau tsheb pib thiab lub log lim cua. Txij thaum ntawd los, vim tias kev nce nqi ntawm lub zog thiab qhov yuav tsum tau muaj ntau ntxiv los txo qis siv PVC hauv cov tsheb, cov lag luam feem ntawm polyurethane tau txuas ntxiv nce. Cov khoom siv roj tus nqi pheej hmoo tau them rov qab los ntawm kev txo lub cev qhov hnyav, xws li txo cov hlau npog thiab lim vaj tse. Cov khoom siv ua tiav polyurethane elastomers thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov tshuaj pleev xim polyurethane yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv cov roj kub kub lim roj.
Thaum tsim cov tshuaj polyurethane ua npuas dej (suav nrog cov roj hmab ua npuas ua npuas), ib qho me me ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum, hu ua bubbling cov neeg sawv cev, ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sib xyaw. Cov khoom yooj yim no muab cov khoom siv polyurethane zoo rau kev ua haujlwm rwb thaiv tsev. Hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 1990, txhawm rau txo qhov cuam tshuam rau nws cov txheej txheej, txheej txheem Montreal Tus Thawj Coj tau txwv qee qhov kev siv qee cov chlorine muaj kab mob hu ua bubbling. Xws li trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11). Lwm cov alkanes halogenated, xws li chlorofluorocarbons, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b) tau teev tseg raws li tau phased tawm los ntawm xyoo 1994 IPPC Tsev Cog Khoom Taw Qhia thiab 1997 EU Volatile Organic Gas Directive substance. Thaum xaus xyoo 1990, txawm hais tias tseem muaj qee lub tebchaws tsim cov khoom siv halogen uas muaj cov bubbling, North America thiab Europe tau siv cov pa roj carbon dioxide, pentane, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1 , 1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) ua tus neeg sawv cev bubbling.
Raws li cov tshuab uas twb muaj lawm polyurethane txau thiab polyetheramine chemical theory, txau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj polyurethane tau tsim kho sai heev nyob rau xyoo 1990. Lawv lo lus teb sai thiab qhov txheeb ze noo noo tsis zoo ua rau lawv muaj kev tiv thaiv kev xaiv rau kev ua haujlwm hauv thaj chaw loj. Xws li lub khaum kev ruaj ntseg thib ob, cov roj manhole thiab cov vias pleev xim channel, cov kab npoo. Tom qab tsim nyog ua ntej thiab kev kho npoo, nws muaj kev nplaum zoo rau cov qhob thiab hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tiv thaiv tshiab ob-ntu polyurethane thiab polyurethane polyurea sib xyaw elastomer tshuab tau thov rau lub txaj ntim txheej rau kev tsim kho rau ntawm chaw. Qhov no tshuab thev naus laus zis rau cov tsheb me thiab lwm lub thawv ntim khoom tsim lub ruaj khov, kev sib txhuam-resistant puas khoom hlau. Lub thermoplastic meem ua rau cov hlau' s shortcomings hauv kev xeb thiab txhuam.